Questões de Inglês - FACULDADE CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS | Gabarito e resoluções

(Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Paraba - 2020/1) New Data on Autism Spectrum Disorder in 4- Year-Old Children. CDC scientists published a report onthe prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 4-year-old children. This report is based on information from the Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. Early ADDM is a subset of the broader ADDM Network, which has been doing ASD surveillance among 8-year-old children since 2000. In this report, published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Surveillance Summaries, scientists analyzed information from the health and/or education records of preschool-aged children. Identifying children with ASD early helps families get access to services in their communities. This report provides valuable information on progress made toward early identification of children with ASD, and informs providers, particularly public schools, of upcoming service needs. The data in this report demonstrate a continued need to identify children with ASD sooner and refer them to early intervention. Seven sites from across the United States were included in this report. These sites participated in Early ADDM for at least one year during surveillance years 2010, 2012, and2014. However, trends in the prevalence and characteristics of ASD could only be analyzed across three sites: Arizona, Missouri, and New Jersey. This is because not all seven sites participated and had consistent data sources for all three surveillance years. (Adapted from: www.cdc.gov) Choose the proper question tag for the following sentence adapted from the text: This report is based on information from the Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring, __________.

(FCM PB- 2020/1) New Data on Autism Spectrum Disorder in 4- Year-Old Children. CDC scientists published a report onthe prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 4-year-old children. This report is based on information from the Early Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. Early ADDM is a subset of the broader ADDM Network, which has been doing ASD surveillance among 8-year-old children since 2000. In this report, published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Surveillance Summaries, scientists analyzed information from the health and/or education records of preschool-aged children. Identifying children with ASD early helps families get access to services in their communities. This report provides valuable information on progress made toward early identification of children with ASD, and informs providers, particularly public schools, of upcoming service needs. The data in this report demonstrate a continued need to identify children with ASD sooner and refer them to early intervention. Seven sites from across the United States were included in this report. These sites participated in Early ADDM for at least one year during surveillance years 2010, 2012, and2014. However, trends in the prevalence and characteristics of ASD could only be analyzed across three sites: Arizona, Missouri, and New Jersey. This is because not all seven sites participated and had consistent data sources for all three surveillance years. (Adapted from: www.cdc.gov) What is the proper Tense of the fragment has been doing obtained from the first paragraph of the text.

(FCM PB - 2019/1) Engaging Doctors in the Health Care Revolution Despite wondrous advances in medicine and technology, health care regularly fails at the fundamental job of any business: to reliably deliver what its customers need. In the face of ever-increasing complexity, the hard work and best intentions of individual physicians can no longer guaranteeefficient, high-quality care. Fixing health care will require a radical transformation, moving from a system organized around individual physicians to a team-based approach focused on patients. Doctors, of course, must be central players in the transformation: Any ambitious strategy that they do not embrace is doomed. And yet, many physicians are deeply anxious about the changes under way and are mourning real or anticipated losses of autonomy, respect, and income. They are being told that they must accept new organizational structures, ways of working, payment models, and performance goals. They struggle to care for the endless stream of patients who want to be seen, but they constantly hear that much of what they do is waste. Theyre moving at various rates through the stages of grief: A few are still in denial, but many are in the second stageanger. Bursts of rage over relatively small issues are common. Given doctors angst, how can leaders best engage them in redesigning care? In our roles in senior management of two large U.S. health care systems, and as observers and partners of many others, we have seen firsthand that winning physicians support takes more than simple incentives. Leaders at all levels must draw on reserves of optimism, courage, and resilience. They must develop an understanding of behavioral economics and social capital and be ready to part company with clinicians who refuse to work with their colleagues to improve outcomes and efficiency. To help health care leaders engage physicians in the pursuit of their organizations greater goals, we suggest a framework based on the writings of the economist and sociologist Max Weber, who described four motivations that drive social action (that is, action in response to others behavior). Adapted for health care professionals, these are: shared purpose, self-interest, respect, and tradition. Leaders can use these levers to earn doctors buy-in and bring about the change the system so urgently needs. (Adapted from www.hbr.org) Choose the correct Verb Tense for the underlined words on the sentence below: We have seenfirsthand that winning physicians support takes more than simple incentives.

(Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Paraba - 2019/1) Understanding Anxiety Disorder Many of us worry from time to time. We fret over finances, feel anxious about job interviews, or get nervous about social gatherings. These feelings can be normal or even helpful. They may give us a boost of energy or help us focus. But for people with anxiety disorders, they can be overwhelming. Anxiety disorders affect nearly 1 in 5 American adults each year. People with these disorders have feelings of fear and uncertainty that interfere with everyday activities and last for 6 months or more. Anxiety disorders can also raise your risk for other medical problems such as heart disease, diabetes, substance abuse, and depression. The good news is that most anxiety disorders get better with therapy. The course of treatment depends on the type of anxiety disorder. Medications, psychotherapy (talktherapy), or a combination of both can usually relieve troubling symptoms. Anxiety disorders are one of the most treatable mental health problems we see, says Dr. Daniel Pine, an NIH neuroscientist and psychiatrist. Still, for reasons we dont fully understand, most people who have these problems dont get the treatments that could really help them. One of the most common types of anxiety disorder is social anxiety disorder, or social phobia. It affects both women and men equallya total of about 15 million U.S. adults. Without treatment, social phobia can last for years or even a lifetime. People with social phobia may worry for days or weeks before a social event. Theyre often embarrassed, selfconscious, and afraid of being judged. They find it hard to talk to others. They may blush, sweat, tremble, or feel sick to their stomach when around other people. (Adapted from: www.newsinhealth.nih.gov) Choose the proper question tag for the following sentence from the text: These feelings can be normal or even helpful, _________.

(Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Paraba - 2019/1) Engaging Doctors in the Health Care Revolution Despite wondrous advances in medicine and technology, health care regularly fails at the fundamental job of any business: to reliably deliver what its customers need. In the face of ever-increasing complexity, the hard work and best intentions of individual physicians can no longer guaranteeefficient, high-quality care. Fixing health care will require a radical transformation, moving from a system organized around individual physicians to a team-based approach focused on patients. Doctors, of course, must be central players in the transformation: Any ambitious strategy that they do not embrace is doomed. And yet, many physicians are deeply anxious about the changes under way and are mourning real or anticipated losses of autonomy, respect, and income. They are being told that they must accept new organizational structures, ways of working, payment models, and performance goals. They struggle to care for the endless stream of patients who want to be seen, but they constantly hear that much of what they do is waste. Theyre moving at various rates through the stages of grief: A few are still in denial, but many are in the second stageanger. Bursts of rage over relatively small issues are common. Given doctors angst, how can leaders best engage them in redesigning care? In our roles in senior management of two large U.S. health care systems, and as observers and partners of many others, we have seen firsthand that winning physicians support takes more than simple incentives. Leaders at all levels must draw on reserves of optimism, courage, and resilience. They must develop an understanding of behavioral economics and social capital and be ready to part company with clinicians who refuse to work with their colleagues to improve outcomes and efficiency. To help health care leaders engage physicians in the pursuit of their organizations greater goals, we suggest a framework based on the writings of the economist and sociologist Max Weber, who described four motivations that drive social action (that is, action in response to others behavior). Adapted for health care professionals, these are: shared purpose, self-interest, respect, and tradition. Leaders can use these levers to earn doctors buy-in and bring about the change the system so urgently needs. (Adapted from www.hbr.org) Choose the proper question tag for the following sentence adapted from the text: They are being told that they must accept new organizational structures, ___________.

(FCM PB - 2018/2) F.D.A. Approves First Drug Designed to Prevent Migraines Robin Overlock experienced frequent, debilitating migraines that would last days. After participating in a clinical trial for a new drug designed to prevent migraines, she says she now has only occasional headaches. Credit: Cheryl Senter for The New York Times The first medicine designed to prevent migraines was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on Thursday,ushering in what many experts believe will be a new era in treatment for people who suffer the most severe form of these headaches. The drug, Aimovig, made by Amgen and Novartis, is a monthly injection with a device similar to an insulin pen. The list price will be $6,900 a year, and Amgen said the drugwillbe available to patients within a week. Aimovig blocks a protein fragment, CGRP, which instigates and perpetuates migraines. Three other companies Lilly, Teva and Alder have similar medicines in the final stages of study or awaiting F.D.A. approval. The drugs will have a huge impact, said Dr. Amaal Starling, a neurologist and migraine specialist at the Mayo Clinic in Phoenix. This is really an amazing time for my patient population and for general neurologists treating patients with migraine. (Adapted from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/health/migraines-prevention-drug) According to the text, to prevent andapproved(1stparagraph) are:

(Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Paraba - 2018/1) Brazils Former Olympic Chief Charged in 2016 Games Bribes Investigation RIO DE JANEIRO Brazilian prosecutors charged the former head of the National Olympics Committee (Comit Olmpico do Brasil, COB), Carlos Nuzman, and five other people with corruption based on an investigation of alleged bribery to have Rio de Janeiro host the 2016 Games. Nuzman, who was provisionally suspended by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and arrested in Rio on Oct. 5th, was charged with racketeering, money laundering and violating currency laws. The former governor of Rio de Janeiro State, Sergio Cabral, and formerCOBdirector Leonardo Gryner were also charged with corruption in connection with a $2 million payment to guarantee votes for Rio, the prosecutors office said. Nuzman, 75 years old, a former IOC member and now honorary member, is accused of arranging bribes to get the IOCtopickRio as host of the 2016 Olympic Games. He has denied any wrongdoing. Rio was awarded the Games in 2009 over Chicago, Tokyo and Madrid. Those charged included Brazilian businessman Arthur Soares, who prosecutors said acted as an intermediary, and Lamine Diack, a former IOC member from Senegal and former head of the International Association of Athletics Federation. The IOC provisionally suspended Nuzman a day after he was arrested, along with the COB, which was responsible for Rios bid to stage the Games. The IOC said Brazilian athletes would not be affected and Team Brazil would be able to take part at next years Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang in South Korea. Nuzman resigned last week as head of theCOB.In a letter to the committee he said he needed to devote himself to his legal defense and would not be returning. (Adapted from: https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2017/10/18/sports/olympics/18reuters-brazil-corruption-olympics.html) Choose theappropriatequestion tag answer for the following text fragment: Carlos Nuzman was provisionally suspended by the International Olympic Committee, ____________?

(Faculdade de Medicina de Jundia - 2018) The hunger gains: extreme calorie-restriction diet shows anti-aging results The idea that organisms can live longer, healthier lives by sharply reducing their calorie intake is not exactly new. Laboratory research has repeatedly demonstrated the anti- -aging value of calorie restriction, often called CR, in animals from nematodes to rats with the implication that the same might be true for humans. In practice though, permanently reducing calorie intake by 25 to 50 percent or more sounds to many like a way to extend life by making it not worth living. Researchers have also warned that what works for nematodes or rats may not work and could even prove dangerous in humans, by causing muscle or bone density loss, for example. But now two new studies appear to move calorierestriction from the realm of wishful thinking to the brink ofpractical, and perhaps even tolerable, reality. Writing inNatureCommunications, researchers at the University of Wisconsin--Madison and the National Institute on Aging reported lastmonth chronic calorie restriction produces significant healthbenefits in rhesus monkeys a primate with humanlikeaging patterns indicating that CR mechanisms are likelytranslatable to human health. The researchers describeone monkey they started on a 30 percent calorie restriction diet when he was 16 years old, late middle age for this type of animal. He is now 43, a longevity record for the species, according to the study, and the equivalent of a human living to 130. In the second study, published in ScienceTranslationalMedicine, a research team led by gerontologist Valter Longoat the University of Southern California (U.S.C.) suggestsit is possible to gain anti-aging benefits without signing upfor a lifetime of hunger. Instead, a fasting-mimicking diet,practiced just five days a month for three months andrepeated at intervals as needed is safe, feasible andeffective in reducing risk factors for aging and age-relateddiseases. Some researchers, however, still find the calorie-restrictionargument unpersuasive. Leslie Robert, a biochemist andphysician at the University of Paris who was not involved inthe two new studies, says pharmaceutical approaches offergreater anti-aging potential than inefficient and apparentlyharmful diets. The important thing, adds Luigi Fontana, alongevity researcher at the Washington University School ofMedicine in Saint Louis who also was not involved in the newwork, is if youre doing a healthy diet, exercising, everythinggood, without doing anything extreme, without making lifemiserable by counting every single calorie. (Richard Conniff.www.scientificamerican.com, 16.02.2017. Adaptado.) No trecho do quinto pargrafo whoalso was not involved in the new work, o termo em destaque refere-se a

(Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Paraba - 2017/1) The benefits of mindfulness meditation, increasingly popular in recent years, are supposed to be many: reduced stress and risk for various diseases, improved well-being, a rewired brain. But the experimental bases to support these claims have been few. Supporters of the practice have relied on very small samples of unrepresentative subjects, like isolated Buddhist monks who spend hours meditating every day, or on studies that generally were not randomized and did not include placebo control groups. This month, however, a study published in Biological Psychiatry brings scientific thoroughness to mindfulness meditation and for the first time shows that, unlike a placebo, it can change the brains of ordinary people and potentially improve their health. To meditate mindfully demands an open and receptive, nonjudgmental awareness of your present-moment experience, says J. David Creswell, who led the study and is an associate professor of psychology and the director of the Health and Human Performance Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University. One difficulty of investigating meditation has been the placebo problem. In rigorous studies, some participants receive treatment while others get a placebo: They believe they are getting the same treatment when they are not. But people can usually tell if they are meditating. Dr. Creswell, working with scientists from a number of other universities, managed to fake mindfulness. First they recruited 35 unemployed men and women who were seeking work and experiencing considerable stress. Blood was drawn and brain scans were given. Half the subjects were then taught formal mindfulness meditation at a residential retreat center; the rest completed a kind of sham mindfulness meditation that was focused on relaxation and distracting oneself from worries and stress. We had everyone do stretching exercises, for instance, Dr. Creswell says. The mindfulness group paid close attention to bodily sensations, including unpleasant ones. The relaxation group was encouraged to chatter and ignore their bodies, while their leader cracked jokes. At the end of three days, the participants all told the researchers that they felt refreshed and better able to withstand the stress of unemployment. Yet follow-up brain scans showed differences in only those who underwent mindfulness meditation. There was more activity, or communication, among the portions of their brains that process stress-related reactions and other areas related to focus and calm. Four months later, those who had practiced mindfulness showed much lower levels in their blood of a marker of unhealthy inflammation than the relaxation group, even though few were still meditating. Dr. Creswell and his colleagues believe that the changes in the brain contributed to the subsequent reduction in inflammation, although precisely how remains unknown. Also unclear is whether you need to spend three uninterrupted days of contemplation to reap the benefits. When it comes to how much mindfulness is needed to improve health, Dr. Creswell says, we still have no idea about the ideal dose. (Adapted from: http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/02/18/contemplation-therapy/) Choose the appropriate question tag for the following sentence adapted from the text: Dr. Creswell and his colleagues believe that the changes in the brain contributed to the subsequent reduction in inflammation, ____________?

(Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Paraba - 2016/2) Brazils soccer team celebrated its victory in the Confederations Cup tournament in Rio de Janeiro in June 2013. In a study of the Zika viruss genome, scientists noted that it was possible the virus arrived during the tournament. The Zika virus is now spreading widely throughout the hemisphere probably arrived in the Americas in a single traveler in the second half of 2013 almosta year earlier than previous estimates according to a new study of the viruss genomeledby Brazilian and British researchers. Experts were divided in their opinions of the new study, published on Thursday in the journalScience. Some praised the work,whileothers said it was too limited to draw such a specific conclusion.By counting mutations in the viral genomes in different blood samples over time, the scientists created a ―molecular clock‖ that estimates how fast the virusmutated. The researchers then compared new samples with earlier ones from Asia, where the Zika virus had circulated for decades, and from the South Pacific,whereit began circulating in 2007. The team calculated that the Zika virus arrived in the Americas between May and December 2013. They also concluded that it probably but not necessarily arrived in Brazil first. The virus was not positively identified in Brazil until May 2015. But, by then, it had clearly been circulating in the countrys northeast for many months, because cities there were experiencing large outbreaks of a mysterious disease causing rash, fever and bloodshot eyes. The new studyrelieson just 23 viral genomes. They include samples of Zika virus obtained in Thailand, French Polynesia and the Cook Islands and 20 in the Americas, including nine from Brazil and the rest from Colombia, Martinique, Haiti, Guatemala, Suriname and Puerto Rico. The gene sequences from the Americas were all closely related, and most resembled one collected in French Polynesia in November 2013. Two earlier studies have suggested that the virus reached Brazil either with the influx of athletes or tourists arriving for the 2014 soccer World Cup, which was played in host cities all over Brazil from June to July that year. Thoseassumptions were based on air traffic patterns, not on viral sequencing. Oliver G. Pybus, a disease geneticist at Oxford University and one of the papers authors, said that the viruss arrival during the Confederations Cup was ―within the range of possibilities, but not something you can capturescientifically. Until this year, however, few doctors had even heard of Zika, and it was often misdiagnosed as dengue or other diseases. (Adapted from: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/health) Choose theappropriatequestion tag for the following sentence: Two earlier studies have suggested that the virus reached Brazil either with the influx of athletes or tourists arriving for the 2014 soccer World Cup, ____________?

(FCM PB - 2015/2) An Italian Navy ship on Wednesday rescued 290 desperate Eritrean migrants from a rickety boat on the Mediterranean, as they attempted to reach safer shores in Europe. CNNs Christiane Amanpour was onboard the frigate as it conducted the operation, just one of several carried out by the Navy today. It is people taking their lives in their hands, getting on these boats, Amanpour told. Theyve either been peddled a bunch of lies from the human traffickers, who advertise that this is a comfortable and reliable trip from Libyan ports across the Mediterranean, when of course it isnt, or they just basically say to themselves as the gentleman told me, you know, I would rather risk this than death at home. More than 35,000 migrants have arrived in Italy via the Mediterranean this year alone, and the numbers continue to climb, says the International Organization for Migration. Most are Eritrean, but they come from all over Africa and Syria. At least 1,826 migrants have died in the Mediterranean so far this year, many times more than had perished during the same period last year. We did see one of those who tried to get across to safety in this small, rickety boat was dead on arrival, Amanpour reported. And three others were taken to the helicopter on the island of Lampedusa. So they were given emergency care there. The rest will be staying on board until they can be offloaded at Lampedusa, or somewhere else, and then processed on land. Europe has come under severe criticism for not taking the humanitarian crisis more seriously. After a series of disasters last month, the EU has stepped up funding. But critics still say that countries are approaching the problem too militaristically; the EU on Monday agreed to set up a naval mission to go after the gangs that facilitate the perilous crossing. Italy has borne the brunt of the rescue mission as Europe struggle to deal with an influx of refugees and migrants braving unimaginable conditions at sea. Its an extraordinarily complex process. It takes quite a long time to rescue boat of 300 people. They have to make sure that theres nothing hostile on board. Then all the naval personnel suit up in white hazardous material suits with masks and gloves -- we all had to do the same thing -- in order to make sure that you dont get contaminated by any potential disease, any illness. The weather is good today, and that attracted some of these migrants. It may not get so good tomorrow, and people are quite concerned that migrants might set off from Libya, and then find themselves in very hostile, unfriendly, and swelling seas in these terrible boats. (Adapted from: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/20/world/) Choose theappropriatequestion tag for the following sentence: But critics still say that countries are approaching the problem too militaristically, ____________?

(FCM PB - 2013/2) When it comes to living a healthy, active lifestyle, the cards are stacked against many Americans. Environmental barriers prevent people from being able to easily make healthy choices and this often leads to obesity. The Leadership for Healthy Communities outlines key environmental factors that contribute to the obesity epidemic. Ten are listed below: 1. Lack of access to healthy, fresh, affordable foods; 2. Prevalence of cheap, high fat, processed foods and sugary, highly caloric beverages; 3. Higher rates of snacking at home, school and in the work place; 4. Larger portion sizes; 5. Abundance of Marketing for Unhealthy Foods and Beverages; 6. Sedentary lifestyles; 7. Social and cultural norms prioritizing ownership and convenience of technological goods; 8. Communities are not designed for active transportation; 9. Lack of safe areas for physical activity; 10. Lack of awareness surrounding healthy eating and active living. (Source: Adapted from TED Med http://www.tedmed.com/greatchallenges/challenge/) Choose theappropriatequestion tag for the following sentence: Environmental barriers prevent people from being able to easily make healthy choices, ____________?

(FCM PB - 2012/2) Researchers from Brazilian museum Emlio Goeldi, in the northern state of Par, have launched an ambitious project: Making each of the thousands of animal and plant species that inhabit the Amazon forest available on the Internet. At the moment, the Center of Biodiversity has a list of some 3,000 species, from mammals to spiders, all of which are native to Par. In the new list, researchers want to include images and sounds of each species. The Amazon forest project is intended to eventually be expanded to include other Brazilian states, as well as neighboring countries, like Peru and Colombia. Even in groups which have been broadly studied, such as mammals and birds, about 10% of Amazonian species are still unknown. ―And there are lots more if you think of reptiles and amphibians‖, says biologist Ulisses Galatti, one of the projects coordinators. In addition to the website, the Goeldi Museum will publish a book named ―Species of the Millennium‖, which tallies the 130 new discoveries made by the museum researchers between 2000 and 2011. (Adapted from: Folha de So Paulo, Maio/2012) Choose theappropriatequestion tag for the following sentence: Researchers want to include images and sounds of each species, ____________?

(FCM PB - 2010) Crying baby and music dont usually go together, but interesting science starts with questions no one else thought to askin this case, what are the musical contours of a newborns cry? There had already been research on what sounds a fetus can hear in the womb and what effect that has right after birth, with several research teams finding that newborns prefer their mothers voices over those of other people. Now a team of scientists has gone a step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language. They recorded 2,500 cries of newborn babies, 30 French and 30 German, between 2 and 5 days old. The idea was to extend the existing findings about what sounds babies can perceivetheir native language, their mothers voiceto test what sounds they can create. Once the researchers had their recordings, they set to work analyzing the cries melodic qualities. Little babies produce wails that vary in pitch. Since most of us have heard only the cries of babies whose parents speak our language, we tend not to think twice about the pattern of pitch changes. But that is not what the scientists found. French babies tended to cry with a rising melody contour. The pitch changed from low to high, rising toward the end of words as well as phrases within a sentence. In contrast, the German babies cries had falling melodic contours. The pitch fell from high to low, which is consistent with the sound of Germans falling melody contour, from the accented high-pitch syllable at the start of a phrase or word to the lower pitch at the end of a phrase. There is, in short, a tendency for infants to utter melody contours similar to those perceived prenatally, write the scientists. The impressive finding of this study is that not only are [newborns] capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life, within the last trimester, said the research leader. Contrary to orthodox interpretations, these data support the importance of human infants crying for seeding language development. It had been thought that babies cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture, since babies are anatomically identical. The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound, says researcher. This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have some control over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs, throat, mouth, and larynx. The idea of the study wasnt to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners but to explore how babies acquire speech. That acquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the third trimester. Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than 12 weeks of age. Thats when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound. But thats the beginning of true speech. Source: Newsweek (Adapted from: http://www.newsweek.com/id/221357, November/2009) Choose theappropriatequestion tag for the following sentence: Weve heard only the cries of babies whose parents speak our language, ____________?